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1. Academic Journal
In the Academic Journal “Water-quality trends in the nation’s rivers” is an academic journal by Smith, Alexander, and Gordon. In this article, the authors want people to recognize nonpoint-source pollution and point-source pollution about how these two have caused the issues that may prevent us from reaching the goal to restore water quality in the major rivers in the United States. According to EPA, nonpoint-source is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the ground. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants. Moreover, EPA also defines point-source pollution as any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged.
The reason why the authors wrote this article because the authors want the government and people to take the water pollution seriously. This article presents to the readers by using logos. The authors seek the participation from the readers by explaining how to reduce the water pollution and knowing what is the cause.
This main goal of this article is to explain how the nonpoint-source pollution and point-source pollution affect the water quality. The authors also want the readers to prove that what they say in the article is true, especially to their professors. However, this article indirectly make the readers realize what are the causes of water pollution and how to prevent it.
The tone for this article is very professional. The authors only want to notify and explain to the readers about what are the reasons behind water pollution. For example, “There is a moderately significant (P = 0.045) statistical association between DOD trends”, There are a lot of researches, references, and experiments that the authors have shown in the article.
This article is an academic journal which was published in “Science Magazine” which is mainly aims toward professionals. In the science website, it says, “Science publishes many editorials on the subject of education.” (Science Magazine) Their main goals is to publish articles to educate people. This article contains datas, statistics, and chemical reactions which are hard to understand for General Public. However, this magazine is very well known in general. As a result, the main audiences for this article are professional students. scientists, and professors.
The authors don’t bias any government actions, or any organizations, but they only want to explain to the readers that it takes a lot of expenditures for this pollution. That’s the reason they want organizations which are related to this topic to take it seriously.
The genre for this article is scientific journal. The authors has done many experiments and shown it in the article. The authors for this article are professionals who are specialized on environmental resources.
2. Opposing Viewpoints in context Magazine
In The Progressive magazine, “Great Lakes, Great Stakes: A Hostile EPA Threatens to Undo Past Progress”, Ness Erik, reported why President Donald Trump cut EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) budget, and why the progress is delayed. The author also shows his attitude towards the topic. The author both criticized and complemented EPA’s actions at the same time.
The author wrote this article because the author thinks Ohio and Michigan should cooperate, so they can get better results. The author seeks the support from readers by using ethos and logos to convey the readers. The author also wants the readers to think that EPA is trying to help both sides, but EPA can make mistakes as well.
As in the aforementioned article, the reason the author wrote this article because he wants to defend the EPA. The author says, “It could be a generation before you start to see impacts from the lack of protections on these streams. And then one day you wake up and realize that fish can’t live in your rivers anymore because of the pollution that is occurring upland.”, from this paragraph I would say that the author felt worried for the future that there might not have any good quality streams for the next generations.
The author says, “Karen Freeman-Wilson, former attorney general of Indiana and Gary’s mayor today, was a little girl in the 1960s; she remembers the pollution and the dead fish washing up on the beaches.” from this paragraph, it’s clear that this article is in worried and depressed tone. This article also has a lot of sarcastic comparisons, and it shows a lot of bad references.
The Progressive is a political base magazine, but the author is a journalist who is specialized in environmental resources field. From their website it say, “The Progressive has aimed to amplify voices of dissent and voices under-represented in the mainstream”, from this it’s very obvious that the main audiences for this article are politicians, and professionals.
The author seems to biased towards EPA, but he also criticized Trump for cutting the EPA’s budget. However, the author has no attitude towards both Governments and EPA. It seems like the author just want EPA to work harder.
The article is in political-environment genre. The article was published in The Progressive which is the political magazine. The author is a political journalist who is specialized in environmental resources. The base audience of this magazine is politicians and it can be read on their website online. The Clean Water Act has been mentioned in this article, and the author also references to a lot of politicians.
3. Newspaper Index
In the article, “Idaho Gains Control of Its Water Pollution Program” by the US official News is about informing the readers that EPA allowing Idaho to manage its own water pollution program, but Idaho is still under “EPA’s thumb”.
The mediocre problem that makes the author wrote the article is polluted water resources in Idaho. The author also emphasize that the pollution discharge permits must be limited. The author presents the article to the readers by using logos. The main point of this article is to encourage the readers to agree with the author.
The tone in this article is unclear. In the article, it says, “Still Under the EPA’s Thumb”, and “It’s kind of funny how EPA, which shouldn’t even exist because the U.S. constitution grants the federal government no power to manage environmental issues”, the author wants this article to be an argumentative article.
US Official News is a report for general people which is base in the United States. The main audience for this article is American general public because the US Official News publish articles about news, opinion, and commentary directed from the US Government. This article shows the readers about the agreement between EPA and Idaho State.
The genre for this article is news report because the article is direct from US Official News which is a government organization. It seems like the author has no attitude towards EPA, but the author has mentioned Wayne Hoffman who is disagree with the agreement between Idaho and EPA. The author has neither show support for both side.
4. Open website Charlotte Observer
In the article, “Trump rule change could threaten North Carolina’s Water” Dana Ervin, is an analysis article of cutting budget for clean water regulation. The author criticized the government and president for cutting the budget.
The article seeks to explain why cutting the budget for clean water regulation will cause a huge problem in the future. The author uses ethos to present this article to the readers by mentioning his career and his achievement. The author is seeking to persuade the readers.
This Charlotte Observer aims to convey the readers that the government is not very serious about clean water regulation. By saying, “U.S. Geological Survey documents show more than half of the nation’s wetlands and 18 percent of all streams will lose federal protection”, to make people believe like the author does. This article is based on Carolina State, and it’s an open argument-able for Carolinians.
This article was published on The Charlotte Observer which is a North Carolina Newspaper. The dominant audience for this publisher and this article are the North Carolinians.
It’s very obvious that the author wants to criticize the government about cutting the budget from EPA. The tone for this article would be critical because the author says, “The Trump administration is about to propose a change to clean water regulations that will roll back protection for a number of wetlands and streams.”
This article is perceptible one sided, especially the main point of this article is to criticize the government and compliment the Environment Protection Agency (EPA). It seems like the author has an attitude toward the presidents. The author says, “The Trump definition is a lot narrower than the definition that’s been used for decades. It eliminates federal protection for “ephemeral” streams”, from this it’s obvious that the author doesn’t like Trump’s action.
This article is not a passive article. It seems to be aggressive but not likely. The author references to the mistake called “bad old days” from the government. This article is most likely in a political genre.
Reflection on all sources
From these 4 sources that I have read, all the authors felt different towards the topic but there are some similarities that all the authors share. All of the authors have the different meaning and purpose of writing their articles. Most of the articles in this essay use logos to convince the readers. As I have read all the 4 sources, the author of the second source uses ethos and logos to present his article which is a good example about conveying the readers. For the first and second source, both the authors want the readers to realize how bad the pollution is and how has it affected us, but the third and fourth source, the authors both aim towards to persuade readers to believe what they believe and criticize the government or people who were related. The authors of the first and second source use the professional tone and language, unlike the article from Newspaper Inden and Charlotte Observer. They both want to educate people about the pollution discharge permits must be limited. The third and fourth source are more like a political opinions of the authors, especially the forth source. Although, these articles are not in the same genre and they are not written by the same authors, they still show the readers how bad the water pollution is.
References
- Smith, Richard A., et al. “Water-quality trends in the nation’s rivers.” Science, vol. 235, 1987, p. 1607+. Academic OneFile, https://link-galegroup-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A4757702/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=7437470f. Accessed 9 Feb. 2019.
- Ness, Erik. “Great Lakes, Great Stakes: A Hostile EPA Threatens to Undo Past Progress.” The Progressive, Dec. 2017, p. 25+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, https://link-galegroup-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A520582009/OVIC?u=cuny_ccny&sid=OVIC&xid=7cf6d9a0. Accessed 9 Feb. 2019.
- “Idaho Gains Control of Its Water Pollution Program.” US Official News, 6 Aug. 2018. Infotrac Newsstand, https://link-galegroup-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/apps/doc/A549365320/STND?u=cuny_ccny&sid=STND&xid=f262d37e. Accessed 18 Feb. 2019.
- Charlotte Observer. “Trump Rule Change Could Threaten North Carolina’s Water.” Charlotteobserver, Charlotte Observer, 11 Feb. 2019, www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/article225948385.html.
- FoxMar, Alex, et al. “AAAS.” Science | AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 8 Mar. 2019, www.sciencemag.org/.
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